Genetic Diversity and Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure of the Endangered Shrub Birch (Betula humilis Schrk.) Populations in Protected and Unprotected Areas

The genetic diversity of natural populations is a key factor in the success long-term ecosystem protection. We studied and spatial structure (SGS) three endangered shrub birch (Betula humilis) using seven nuclear microsatellite loci. highest variation was found restored Szuszalewo population Biebrza National Park, where active prevention thicket forest succession recently conducted. results bottleneck tests were not statistically significant each locality, although indication for reduction detected Rospuda stand, which actively protected. Bayesian clustering, principal coordinates analysis, FST estimates revealed greatest difference between Magdzie Bagno samples. SGS all B. humilis stands; however, it strongest pollen seed dispersal limited by dense clusters ramets scattered among brushwood plants. weakest SGS, also supported finding some sibling pairs distant locations, observed population. aforementioned indicate that protection practices may impose an immediate beneficial effect on restoration maintenance populations.